Sunday, February 27, 2011

Our Father – Meeting Point of Evangelical Counsels



In this article, I will show our father as the convergence of community life and evangelical counsels 
(Obedience, Poverty and Chastity)

Our Father in Heaven: It stresses the community life. Though, each member in the community completely different from the other, come under the same identity as Salsesians or Capuchins, or Jesuits for the same goal of Serving the Christ in the people. The difference is no more a barrier but a unique contribution from the individual to the community in bringing the gospel.
Your will be Done: It stresses the vow of obedience. It is fulfilling the will of God at all times. It calls for a total surrender to the Lord. As long as I do according to my will, nothing happens as Jesus himself said “Apart from me you can do nothing.” As human being, it is good to remember that each one is only an instrument in the hands of God. 
Give us Today Our Daily Bread: It stresses the vow of poverty. It calls for dependence on God everyday. This dependence on God must help us to share out our everything for the good and benefit of the other. We should share first of all our time, energy, talents with generosity with the hope that God provides for us.
Do not Bring us to the Test: It stresses the vow of Chastity. Chastity is unlimited love for God and unlimited love for human being. It is calling on God for deliverance from all the evils at all the times. It advices to move from “freedom of sin to freedom for liberation.”  It is a huge task, which requires every minute attention.
            At last, we (Religious) remember that every time we recite the prayer  Our Father we are renewing our commitment to the Lord.

Dignified Life- A Reflection on The Tree


A leaf is alive today and it is dead tomorrow. Similarly, also Flower and Fruit. But as long as they live, they live with dignity. In other words, they live for the other. What do I mean by this? A leaf performs the function of releasing oxygen which is essential for the life and existence of human being. Secondly, it spends its whole life in giving shade to the other. Any living being, feeling heat of the sun, likes to take rest under the tree. The tree never refuses.
A flower also lives for a short time. But as long as it lives it attracts the human beings with its beauty and fragrance. Human being longs for the fragrance of flower. A flower in turn does not keep the fragrance for itself but it leaves out in generosity. A Fruit undergoes a process of maturing stage. A ripened fruit spends its life giving taste to the human being. It sweetens the mouth of the person who eats it.
The leaf, flower and fruit never show distinction. In other words, they show equality to all people everywhere and at all times. Let the tree be the inspiration, guide and model for human life.  

Take the Road Never Taken



 In the world, the behaviour of human being can be dual: mutual dependence and over dependence. Human beings are mutual dependent beings. It means that the other person is important. Dependency is good in as much it fulfills the lack. Human beings are over-dependent and that is what makes the human being weak. In other words, the human being cannot do anything without the other. This over dependency is so much to the extent that one cannot take decision for his/her own life. Thus, human being is never a different person. He is lost in the crowd.
            Take the road never taken’ only means to be independent, to believe in the self, to be confident of the self, and to be different. It is a call to prepare your own path for your own life. This road sure, if it exists, never escapes opposition, objection from the other. But remember it is the personal contribution to the society. This contribution is something new that inaugurates new hope, new enthusiasm, new life and what not. The one example that summarizes the above is Mahatma Gandhi. He, in his life couraged himself to inaugurate the new path of non-violence, which did fetch him unfriendliness, hostility, resistance and antagonism. But, he never gave up. 

Sunday, February 20, 2011

Education



            The world of today runs on education. The growing number of educational institutions and the desire of the parents to see that their children receive education and same too with the people who desire to make money out of education are all signs that education is necessary in the present world.
            The present educational system is happy in filling the mind of the child with the information and very little worried about the transformation of the child. The child is a better student because of and with his grade. The higher is the grade, the better is the student. It is preparing the students to get a job and to settle in life. The education has forgotten its aim of preparing the child to take up responsibility for the society, to work for the society and not to work in the society. It is teaching them to read the word and not the world behind the words, and to read the text but not the context behind the text. The education system has failed to instill in the students values of the subject and instead worried about teaching subject-matter. To give an example, the Mathematics teacher not only teaches to solve the mathematical sums but also gives a value that any wrong step in the attainment of the solution leads to wrong solution. The education is valid, when it imparts values and not when it judges the student on the basis of grade.   

Go a Second Mile



       
        The phrase ‘Go a second Mile’ is taken from the Holy Bible (The gospel of St. Mathew 5:41). What does the phrase ‘go a second mile mean’? It is a call to extend oneself in selfless service of the other. In other words it is an invitation to walk an extra mile for the good of the other. If I am able to appreciate one person today, I should make an attempt to appreciate two persons tomorrow. This in simple words is going an extra mile. It is a warning call not to be satisfied with the minimum, the little and always try for the better and higher. It is giving up an attitude of ‘anything is okay.’
            The second version of going a second mile is: Human being always takes pleasure in doing what he/she loves to the people whom he/she loves. It is nothing new. There is no kick to life. Everybody does this. Going a second mile consists in doing something good to the people whom we don’t love in spite of the differences and misunderstanding. This is a challenge, risk and not something easy to do. It requires an attitude of self-sacrifice.

Our Father - A Call to Universal Brotherhood/Sisterhood


The greatest prayer taught by any man on earth is Our Father. 
It is taught by Jesus to his disciples when they asked him “Master teach us how to pray.”
            The first sentence of the prayer our father is, “Our Father in Heaven”. It first of all stresses that the whole human race whether the people in India, or Australia, or America or whatever kind or race, or caste, or beggars, or rich , or poor  and for that matter anybody on this earth has one father who looks after all the people with undivided love. That father is God Himself. Since, all the human beings have one father, we are all brothers and sisters.
            Then, why at all to live in the shelter of violence, discrimination, indifference, unconcern, apathy, opposition, oppression, inequity, intolerance, injustice against our own brothers and sisters. Is it because of difference in religion, nationality, language, culture, tribe, caste? Let the prayer “Our Father in Heaven”, may make human being to take shelter in the arms of peace, equality, liberty, fraternity, compassion, and love.

Holy Difference




 Difference, disassociation, separateness, uniqueness are the conditions of human existence. They give taste to life. As long as human being exists, differences bound to exist. Human being cannot do away with the differences, because, the differences make Anil to be Anil, and a tree to be tree.  The challenge is not to live in differences based on national identity, cultural identity, and linguistic identity but to enjoy those differences with undivided unity.
            In the task to enjoy the differences, human being is challenged constantly to live in/with holy difference. Holy difference is becoming aware that there are differences, but as a human being I radically choose not to get affected by the differences. In other words, it is a stage of no differences. The above mentioned task is not so easy to live as said above. It is an ongoing and permanent task of the human person to live ongoingly with differences but not in differences

Sunday, February 13, 2011

Kill the Enemy of Within



God created the world and all that in it. He created human beings to have dominion over all those he created. In fact, human being has control over everything, like prediction of weather, travel to other planets, discovering the secrets about the universe, the computer technology, and the cyber communication are all examples of human beings control over the universe. There is nothing that cannot be controlled by human being. But, the saddest part of the story is that, the human being has no control over his/her own self.
            It is a well-known fact that, every thing in the world has an inside and an outside. When he/she goes to buy something for example, sandals, he/she is worried about the external (colour, design) and the internal (does it suit my feet, do I look okay when I wear it?). So too, human beings are composed of matter and spirit, body and soul, inside and outside. The attitude of inside comes through outside (actions, words, deeds). I am known to the people through my outside.
            The inside, according to me has two dimensions namely good inside and bad inside. The good inside is what I call conscious. It is friend of the self. The conscious is very important in the growth of human person. It is that which always pulls the human being to do good and avoid bad. It makes the human being good and to be happy in all the circumstances.  The bad inside is what I call ego. It is the cause for the enjoyment of the pleasure. It always pulls the individual towards bad. It is the enemy of the self. It sends wrong messages to the mind and since the mind cannot differentiate right and wrong, and because of the power of pull, the body obeys and yields fast to the wrong messages of the ego. This causes human being to be unhappy. So, the greatest task of human is to conquer and kill the ego. 

Why I Love Don Bosco



        I don’t know Don Bosco till May, 1998. I don’t even know whether he existed. I joined a Salesian house in June, 1998. When I heard the word Don Bosco for the first time, without being aware, I have drawn myself towards him. I love him not because he loved the young or gave his whole for the salvation of the young but I love him because of the pull or attraction that my heart has towards him. Being with Don Bosco more than 13 years (more than half of my age), I have always tried to imitate and emulate him for four reasons:
1. Passionate Human Being: Don Bosco was a passionate Human being. It means that he lived his human life fully for the glory of God and for the salvation of young people. When speaking of Don Bosco, Salesians often say ‘fully man and fully divine’. I don’t agree with the second part of the sentence because, it makes Don Bosco a God, which in real he is not. He is a man of God but He is not God. He was in passionately in love with everything; prayer, entertainment, recreation, picnics. He was never a man who cut himself from the realities of the world. He lived in the world and showed to young people, that it is in living in the world, that we can attain sanctity.
2. Passionate Dreamer: Don Bosco was not only the dreamer but he made his dreams actualities. His whole life plan was communicated to him through dreams. He lived his dreams, no matter, how many ever hardships that his life fetched. I can daringly and dangerously affirm, he became a Saint with and through his dreams.
3.  Passionate Love for the Young: He loved the young passionately. It is very clear when he said “For you I Study, for you I work, and for you even I am ready to give up my life”. It is the love that Don Bosco had towards the young people. His love was never partial. It always went equally to all the boys whether they are good or bad. His love had no restriction but only boundary that he created was that they should be young for him to love them.
4.  Passionate Madness: Don Bosco was passionately mad to start something new, to create new avenues for the church, to discover new horizons for/of the church, to creatively work and carry on the mission of the church. He started to work for all the poor and abandoned youth. Something new in his times and nobody thought about working for the youth. For this he was blamed as ‘mad priest.’ He never gave up and nothing discouraged him in working for the young people. He dedicated his whole life for young people, making them cause for his authentic existence. 

Not Confront But Care-front


According to the Philosophy of Existentialism, human being is thrown into the world. He is thrown into the world to be in the world. To be in the world primarily calls for encounter with the people of the world. As human being is in the world, cannot escape the other human beings. Every encounter with the other is a new adventure and a venture into the unknown to be known. According to me there are two types of encounters; traditional and modern.
            The traditional type of encounter is known as confrontation. It means that the meetings with the people are face to face. It is face to face and firm despite of how and what of situation. The formula of confront = Firmness + Firmness. It offers no scope for change. It does not create an impact on the life of the person. It is accomplishing things without listening and caring for the other. It is an attitude of ‘I don’t care for the other.’ In this encounter, what matters is only business and nothing else.
            The modern type of encounter that I propose for meetings with people is care-front. It is firmness but coupled with care. The formula of care-front is “care-front = firmness + Care”. I deal with the people not face to face but with heart to heart. By care-fronting the other, I touch the life of the person at all levels of life by listening to him/her caringly. When this kind of attitude prevails, the change automatically happens without the use of force. 

Friday, February 11, 2011

Love or Hate But Don’t Ignore


Love manufactures a human being who is capable of caring for the other in an unrestricted manner.  It is the willingness to extend oneself fully to the other. The Oxford dictionary defines it as an intense feeling of deep affection. Love makes everything possible. The love that a person has knows no limit to offer oneself in sacrifice for the betterment and the growth of the other and the self.  
Hate ends when love begins. Hate is an intense feeling of dislike and strong aversion towards the other. The hate as such does not arise, without the presence of love. The beginning of any hate is love. It is the unwillingness to extend oneself to the other. In hate, the human being does not move forward in the making of human being. Hate provides a scope to be in love again.
Ignoring is a conscious attitude of uncaring, unloving, and unwanted of the other. In other words, it is being indifferent towards the other. It does not offer possibilities to love. It resists opening the door of the heart for the other. Mother Teresa terms this as “greatest disease” that human being can get affected with. The only medicine available for this cure is to change the attitude of indifference with love. This attitude must emerge from the heart and not from the mind of the person. 

The nature of Nature


What is the nature of Nature? In explaining the nature of Nature, I would like to explain the nature of two other people in relation to nature of Nature. The two people about whom I want discuss are God and Human Being.
God: The nature of God is that He always forgives as said rightly “God gives and forgives”. He never says ‘No’ to the Human Being who asks Him for forgiveness. But each religion has different expression of asking the God for forgiveness. To quote examples, people of Hinduism immerse themselves in the holy waters of Ganges, people of Christianity go for Confession, and people of Islam make an annual pilgrimage to Mecca. All these are not just rituals, but people strongly believe that their sins are forgiven after the ritual because of the trust in God.
Human Being: The nature of human being is such that he/she forgives sometimes. If he/she were to forgive always, his/her nature is equal to the nature of God as Holy Bible acclaims “God created man little less than Him”. As human as human being is, falls short of the ideal to forgive always due to the weakness of body and the clash of desires.
Nature: The nature of Nature is such that it never forgives. For example while going on the road you hit a stone unnoticing. Does the stone forgive you? It cannot. The nature of Nature is programmed with such software, that it cannot resist without showing its revenge for the harm caused to it. To make you agree with me, the vast number of devastations that disturb the world like cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami bear witness to the fact that Nature never forgives

Sunday, February 6, 2011

Being -Becoming



            Being and Becoming call human being to be authentically rooted in the tradition and the context. Being is primary and becoming is secondary. Being is the seed and Becoming is the fruit of that being rooted in the context. The essential necessity of my being in the world is to become. The everyday of my being in the world is a call to becoming what I am not. My being offers possibilities for my becoming. Thus, being is essential for becoming to happen. If I don’t become, I lose the value of my being in the world. But, mind, becoming is an everyday end. It is not achieved once and for all. It is a continuous and ongoing process. So, it involves risk. I do not become just by my being but through the risks that my being takes up in life. Becoming to be ceases at the death. But the moment I give up my becoming during the tenure of my life, I cease to be what I am. Though becoming is secondary, it shows up being as it is in itself. Let us become in every moment of our being.

Philosophy Behind Action-Reaction



 Action is something that is original and it is a production from nothing. Reaction is a copy of the original. Action is original because only God can Act. All the actions of God are independent of everything. Examples of God’s action would be “God created the world. He created all the living being in the universe.” All these are actions as they are created originally and from nothing. All the actions (so called) of human beings are only reactions as they proceed from what already exists. One example of human reaction can be ‘speaking’. It is a reaction in the sense that I did not create my mouth to serve the purpose of speaking. It is given. But then, Can our reactions become actions? It is never. But if it so happens, we pretend to be God and do His work. Let us be reactors and not actors. 

Thought- The Dictator



            “I become what I think.” Is it true?Yes, it is.  Human being is the production of thoughts. I am what I am at the moment because of the thought I think. I will never become what I don’t think to be. I may not be aware that I am acting according to my thought but it is actually thought that is making me behave such and such a way. The thought dictates my way of living. None of us claim to be out of thought just not even for a moment. It is in thought I create, mould, shape and manufacture my self. The moment I stop thinking, I don’t exist in my fullness. Human being is not only the production of thoughts but also producer of thoughts. I produce thoughts and in turn I become victim of my thoughts. Let us think thoughts that make our lives better and better.

Why Go to Jesus?


 Not because He is God, but because He became Human being
Not because He is the Son of God, but because He made us sons of God
Not because He died on the Cross, but He made our life with less of Cross
Not because He is Lord, but because He is our Brother
Not because we Love him, but because He loves us
Not because He saved our lives, but because He sacrificed his life for us
Not because He showed the way to God, but because He became the Way to God
Not because we have sinned, but because He resurrects us from every sin
Not because He underwent passion, but because He showed Compassion without limit
Not because he healed, but because He is the heart-robber of Countless people
Not because He preached, but because He practiced in life what he preached
Not because He was the Saviour, but because He is Life-Giver

Thursday, February 3, 2011

COMMUNICATION AS THE HORIZON OF MEANING AND AUTHENTICITY


I start with the summary of the book that I read in my philosophy days, “The Third Wave” written by Alvin Toffler. In this Masterpiece of literature, he enumerates the three waves that the world has time-honored from the birth of human life. The ancient world was dominated by the agricultural wave, the medieval world was conquered by the industrial wave and the present modern world is in the age of digital wave.  When I sat down to write an article on communication, the wave that struck me was digital wave.  
            The digital wave is characterized by ever changing technology, rapid industrialization and resultant shrinking of the globe by the emergence of information societies. Innovative technologies such as the medium wave transmission, colour television systems, undersea communication cable links, satellite communication, semi-conductors, digital electronics, computers, telephones, laser, and optical fibers have revolutionized and furthered the process of communication. Before moving further, let us understand the word communication
Understanding ‘Communication’
            Communication is derived from two Latin words communicare (Share) and communis (Common Horizon). First communication implies a coming together to share the common horizon. It is in common horizon, both, the sender and receiver communicate to become meaning making animals. Human beings realize the need to touch the horizon of the other. This is a constant and continual journey of awareness. In this journey, Communication becomes a path in discovering the new horizon of the other. Most of the life experiences are constructed in communication with other life experiences, which arise out of common life.[1]
            Human being is thrown into the world of freedom, to make his/her own choices, to discover a new horizon, which makes his/her life authentic. The supreme dharma of Human Being is to embrace, ever-new horizons of relationship and understanding, for the fulfillment of the self. Discovering the new horizon is very much constructed in and around language, because human being will know the horizon of the other, as much as he/she is acquainted, with language of the other. Thus, the human self is fulfilled, in language. Wittgenstein steps in here affirming, that limit of Communication (language (that human being understands) means the limit of human being’s world.[2] That is why Chomsky is right in saying, that communication is a reality, which is specifically designed for the process of relationship between the person and the other.[3] It is a conscious and a continuous process in human life.
Why of Communication
            The world of today runs on communication and therefore, doing the acts, speaking the words and even remaining in silence is all communication. Therefore, nothing can escape the realm of communication. Thus, it is an important fact of human life. Therefore, human beings need communication more than communication need human being does. Communication is necessary because of three reasons:
·         To Know: Every being in the world is knowable, conceptualized, framed, captured, thought and judged in communication. Human being by his/her nature desires to know.[4] Knowledge is continuously ongoing process. Communication is an aid in acquiring knowledge and imparting knowledge. Human knowledge cannot function without communication and it is wrapped up in the realm of language. Knowledge is within the language. Knowledge as such is acquired, that bursts forth from language and has its roots deep in language. The ancient Indian linguist Barthrhari proclaims, that all knowledge is illumined through language and there is no such thing as knowledge without language says Gadamer.[5] Without communication, human knowledge could not be propagated. Without a relationship of communication between subjects that know, with reference to a knowable world, the act of knowing would disappear. 
·         To Become: Communication is the foundation on which human being, lays the project of the self towards transformation. In this present world, communication speaks human being than the humans speak communication.[6]   Communication as the primary purpose of human being develops a sakti of changing life and the rest of reality within the human reach. It transforms, moulds, creates and destroys human being’s use or abuse of it. A good word communicated remains as an agent of transformation and it is a source of healing the spoilt self. Though communication cannot fully express dharma, without communication dharma cannot be conveyed.[7] For example, human being knows that there are laws to be followed to live in the society in peace and harmony. One simple law is human being has no right to take the life of the other human being. He/she knows it because it is put in language. Unless law is in language, it can never be communicated.
·         To Integrate: Communication with its power creates an attitude of integration rather than adaptation. It becomes integration when human being is able to root in his own horizon and at the same time, make, his own the horizon of others. It is in this fashion that aliens become non-aliens, strangers become fellowmen, and foreigners become one’s own people.
Purpose and Meaning of Communication
            In the entire universe, there are many living beings like animals, plants, insects and many other beings. They just exist without a sense of purpose in life. On the other hand, human being exists and makes every choice purposefully and consciously to become authentic in life. It is because human being has the capacity for communication.[8] No human being is without it. Human life can be built, created and achieved authentically only on his/her thirst for relationship and understanding within the boundaries of language. Thus, the world of human being is a world of communication. Communication is always accompanied by dialogue and hence it implies reciprocity that is as something that learns and as something that communicates.[9] It is more apt to say that communication is not speaking but doing. The person longing to be a human being defines meaning of life, which in turn is the basis for the authentic living.
Communication Builds Authentic Relationship with the Self and Other
In this part of the article, I shall explain the core of language in relation to human being in acquiring and building relationship with oneself and the other. Human beings become participants in communication to acquire knowledge, as language constitutes a network of relationships.[10] Relationship means what a person is to the other and what is other to a person. Language prepares the ground for human being to relate with and understand realities, which in turn fit into and make humans to interpret in the given situation. In the absence of understanding, communication becomes ambiguous. Human behaviour is continuously spurred, molded and constrained by information and communication both internally by socialization, perception and cognition and externally through human interaction, social structures and emerging technologies. Human world would not exist if it were not a world that is able to communicate. Just as there are no isolated human beings, there cannot be isolation in thinking.
Human Being exists in the world. The existence, in the world is all about relationship. Human communication with other is a channel for self-realization, the relation to others only an instrument for that relation to oneself.[11] The Contact with the other discloses the identity of oneself. From the beginning of human life, the human life is designed for/with the other. In other words to exist is to co-exist as it is the fundamental fact of human existence. As long as he/she exists, he/she longs to relate with the world in which he/she lives, with the Absolute the cause of his/her existence and with the person with whom he/she lives. In other words, it is the consciousness of/about the other. This capacity and longingness to enter into relationship distinguishes human beings and serves as a motivating force in life.[12]  In other words, it is in communication that human being is revealed to him along with the other. As the vehicle of this appeal, it is indispensable to meaning and authenticity.
Communication Creates Authentic Understanding
            Understanding is, as I see a reproduction that makes human beings productive, in their approach towards holistic view of reality. It is not just a mode of human behavior but it is his/her basic ability to live and cope skillfully with the world. It is grasping the entire mode and essence of being in the world.[13] Hence, it requires projection of possibilities that occur within the territory of communication.[14]The fundamentality of Human existence, in the world is that human understands his/her self, and every reality. All human beings by their very nature seek to understand realities making communication a catalyst.[15] All understanding proceeds from a pre-understanding. Communication is a process of reaching understanding. Language has such nature, that it offers itself totally to be understood. Thus, every understanding process is grounded in the language,[16] and hence being that can be understood is language as Heidegger affirms language as the house of being.[17] It is also equally important that very much of human understanding is shaped by the tradition and the context in which they live, move and have his/her being. When language is understood taken as removing the veil, of human ignorance and reveals the knowledge of reality.[18]
            Understanding is an event that happens in the world. When the communication between people is understood, creates for him/her a world illuminated by communication.[19]  Every being in the world presents itself in communication. As he/she is able to understand reality, he/she is able to consider reality, as it is in as much as it is, to interpret it to the context.[20]  Understanding is not just an assertion, for the sake of assertion, but it is being changed into a state of life in which human beings do not remain as he/she was but becomes a new being through understanding. When he/she possesses the understandability, has the capacity to interpret the reality and being in the state of interpretability.
Meaning and Authenticity Emerge In and Through Communication
Among all the living beings, the existence of human being is unique. Uniqueness is an essential good of human being that is given to him/her to unfold the realities through his/her actions. His/her uniqueness allows him/her to encounter the other differently. Not only the human being encounters the world differently but also every event in life is encountered differently. The mere fact, that human being is in the world is an indication that human being quests for something primordial in his/her existence and life. This quest in common is to thirst for authenticity. All human beings are in the process of authentication. The process of authentication is complete in and with the other. The other is a facticity, that cannot be denied and turned away from, but only can be lived with.  Living with the other, as far as is concerned, comprises assortment of events. Every event in the life of human being occurs within the territory of communication. Therefore, there is a continuous interaction between human being and the other. Every event happening in the life of human being reveals the degree of meaning and authenticity in every human being. Thus, communication between the individuals becomes the scale to measure the meaning and authenticity in the life and existence of human being.



                [1] Kiran R.N., Philosophy of Communication and Media Ethics: Theory, Concepts and Empirical Issues (New Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation) 75.
[2] Wittgenstein Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. D.F Pears, and B.F. McGuiness (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963) 115.
[3] Neil Smith, Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 177.
[4] William F. Lawhead, The Voyage of Discovery: A History of Contemporary Western Philosophy (California: Wordsworth Publishing Company, 1995) 85.
[5] Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (London: Sheed and Ward, 1981), 368.
[6] Gunter Figal, “The Doing of the Thing in Itself: Gadamer’s Hermeneutic Ontology of Language,” Cambridge Companion to Gadamer, ed. Robert J Dostal, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 109.
[7] Yorgu Wang, “Liberating One Self from the Absolutized Boundary of Language,” Philosophy East and West, 51 (January 2001) 88.
                [8] The fundamental basis of communication despite the mind boggling technological revolution is still language- the ultimate mover, meaning, perception, motivation and action. Kiran, Philosophy of Communication and Media Ethics, 20.
                [9] Paulo Friere, Education for Critical Consciousness (
[10] Dan Stiver, The Philosophy of Religious Language (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996) 164.
                [11] Kiran, Philosophy of Communication and Media Ethics,41.
[12] Laurence J. Silberstein, Martin Buber’s Social and Religious Thought (New York: New York University press, 1990) 131.
[13] David Couzens Hoy, “Heidegger and the Hermeneutic Turn,” The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, ed. Charles B.Guignon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 184.
[14] John Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics: A Study in the Thought of Paul Ricouer and Jurgen Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981) 40-41.
[15] David Vessey, “The Role of Language in Object Transcendence,” Philosophy Today 51 (2007) 65.
[16] Jean Gordin, “Gadamer’s Understanding of Understanding,” Cambridge Companion to Gadamer, ed. Robert J. Dostal, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 41.
[17] Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (London: Sheed and Ward, 1981), 432.
[18] Harold Coward, “Language as Revelation,” Indian Philosophical Quarterly 3 (1976) 448.
[19] Hans Herbert Kogler, The Power of Dialogue, trans. Paul Hendrickson (Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1999) 60.
[20] George Panthanmackel, Coming and Going (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1999) 31.